www.ilsr.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/rooftop-revolution-ilsr.pdf
Today solar energy provides less than 1% of our nation’s electricity. Yet already over 300,000 homes boast a solar array. With
the cost of solar power plunging and retail electric prices rising,
in the next ten years 100 million Americans may be able to “go
solar” for a lower price than grid electricity. We need to plan for
this transition now, eliminating barriers to the rapid growth of
solar energy and changing the inflexible and inefficient tax subsidy for solar into a more flexible, transitional feed-in tariff. We
need to stop investing in centralized power and long distance
high voltage transmission lines and instead invest in new electricity infrastructure more compatible with decentralized power.
Wednesday, June 12, 2013
ENERGY SUBSIDY REFORM: LESSONS AND IMPLICATIONS - IMF
www.imf.org/external/np/pp/eng/2013/012813.pdf
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Energy subsidies have wide-ranging economic consequences. While aimed at
protecting consumers, subsidies aggravate fiscal imbalances, crowd-out priority public
spending, and depress private investment, including in the energy sector. Subsidies also
distort resource allocation by encouraging excessive energy consumption, artificially
promoting capital-intensive industries, reducing incentives for investment in renewable
energy, and accelerating the depletion of natural resources. Most subsidy benefits are
captured by higher-income households, reinforcing inequality. Even future generations
are affected through the damaging effects of increased energy consumption on global
warming. This paper provides: (i) the most comprehensive estimates of energy subsidies
currently available for 176 countries; and (ii) an analysis of ―how to do‖ energy subsidy
reform, drawing on insights from 22 country case studies undertaken by IMF staff and
analyses carried out by other institutions.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Energy subsidies have wide-ranging economic consequences. While aimed at
protecting consumers, subsidies aggravate fiscal imbalances, crowd-out priority public
spending, and depress private investment, including in the energy sector. Subsidies also
distort resource allocation by encouraging excessive energy consumption, artificially
promoting capital-intensive industries, reducing incentives for investment in renewable
energy, and accelerating the depletion of natural resources. Most subsidy benefits are
captured by higher-income households, reinforcing inequality. Even future generations
are affected through the damaging effects of increased energy consumption on global
warming. This paper provides: (i) the most comprehensive estimates of energy subsidies
currently available for 176 countries; and (ii) an analysis of ―how to do‖ energy subsidy
reform, drawing on insights from 22 country case studies undertaken by IMF staff and
analyses carried out by other institutions.
Friday, May 24, 2013
Sunday, May 12, 2013
Importance of sustainable energy
Importance of sustainable energy
A very good presentation on Sustainable Energy.
A very good presentation on Sustainable Energy.
Saturday, May 4, 2013
Monday, April 1, 2013
Sunday, March 31, 2013
“Handbook for Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Systems”
www.ema.gov.sg/images/files/handbook_for_solar_pv_systems.pdf
“Handbook for Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Systems”
Contents
1 Solar Photovoltaic (“PV”) Systems – An Overview 4
1.1 Introduction 4
1.2 Types of Solar PV System 5
1.3 Solar PV Technology 6
• Crystalline Silicon and Thin Film Technologies 8
• Conversion Efficiency 8
• Effects of Temperature 9
1.4 Technical Information 10
2 Solar PV Systems on a Building 12
2.1 Introduction 12
2.2 Installation Angle 12
2.3 Avoid Shading PV Modules 13
2.4 Aesthetic and Creative Approaches in Mounting PV Modules 14
2.5 Solar PV Output Profile 14
2.6 Solar PV Yield 15
2.7 Cost of a Solar PV System 15
3 Appointing a Solar PV System Contractor 16
3.1 Introduction 16
3.2 Getting Started 17
• Get an Experienced and Licensed Contractor 17
• Choosing Between Bids 17
• Solar PV System Warranty 17
• Regular Maintenance 19
• Other Relevant Matters 19
4 Solar PV System Installation Requirements 20
4.1 Electrical Installation Licence 20
4.2 Electrical Safety Standards and Requirements 20
4.3 Application of Electrical Installation Licence 21
4.4 Conservation and Development Control Requirements 21
4.5 Guidelines on Conservation and Development Control 21
4.6 Structural Safety and Lightning Protection 22
• Structural Safety 22
• Lightning Protection 22
4.7 Connection to the Power Grid 22
4.8 Get Connected to the Power Grid 23
4.9 Sale of Solar PV Electricity 23
• Non-residential User 23
• Residential User 25
4.10 Design and Installation Checklist 26
5 Operations and Maintenance 28
5.1 Operations of Solar PV Systems 28
5.2 Recommended Preventive Maintenance Works 29
“Handbook for Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Systems”
Contents
1 Solar Photovoltaic (“PV”) Systems – An Overview 4
1.1 Introduction 4
1.2 Types of Solar PV System 5
1.3 Solar PV Technology 6
• Crystalline Silicon and Thin Film Technologies 8
• Conversion Efficiency 8
• Effects of Temperature 9
1.4 Technical Information 10
2 Solar PV Systems on a Building 12
2.1 Introduction 12
2.2 Installation Angle 12
2.3 Avoid Shading PV Modules 13
2.4 Aesthetic and Creative Approaches in Mounting PV Modules 14
2.5 Solar PV Output Profile 14
2.6 Solar PV Yield 15
2.7 Cost of a Solar PV System 15
3 Appointing a Solar PV System Contractor 16
3.1 Introduction 16
3.2 Getting Started 17
• Get an Experienced and Licensed Contractor 17
• Choosing Between Bids 17
• Solar PV System Warranty 17
• Regular Maintenance 19
• Other Relevant Matters 19
4 Solar PV System Installation Requirements 20
4.1 Electrical Installation Licence 20
4.2 Electrical Safety Standards and Requirements 20
4.3 Application of Electrical Installation Licence 21
4.4 Conservation and Development Control Requirements 21
4.5 Guidelines on Conservation and Development Control 21
4.6 Structural Safety and Lightning Protection 22
• Structural Safety 22
• Lightning Protection 22
4.7 Connection to the Power Grid 22
4.8 Get Connected to the Power Grid 23
4.9 Sale of Solar PV Electricity 23
• Non-residential User 23
• Residential User 25
4.10 Design and Installation Checklist 26
5 Operations and Maintenance 28
5.1 Operations of Solar PV Systems 28
5.2 Recommended Preventive Maintenance Works 29
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