“Handbook for Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Systems”

www.ema.gov.sg/images/files/handbook_for_solar_pv_systems.pdf

“Handbook for Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Systems”


Contents
1 Solar Photovoltaic (“PV”) Systems – An Overview 4
1.1 Introduction 4
1.2 Types of Solar PV System 5
1.3 Solar PV Technology 6
• Crystalline Silicon and Thin Film Technologies 8
• Conversion Efficiency 8
• Effects of Temperature 9
1.4 Technical Information 10
2 Solar PV Systems on a Building 12
2.1 Introduction 12
2.2 Installation Angle 12
2.3 Avoid Shading PV Modules 13
2.4 Aesthetic and Creative Approaches in Mounting PV Modules 14
2.5 Solar PV Output Profile 14
2.6 Solar PV Yield 15
2.7 Cost of a Solar PV System 15
3 Appointing a Solar PV System Contractor 16
3.1 Introduction 16
3.2 Getting Started 17
• Get an Experienced and Licensed Contractor 17
• Choosing Between Bids 17
• Solar PV System Warranty 17
• Regular Maintenance 19
• Other Relevant Matters 19
4 Solar PV System Installation Requirements 20
4.1 Electrical Installation Licence 20
4.2 Electrical Safety Standards and Requirements 20
4.3 Application of Electrical Installation Licence 21
4.4 Conservation and Development Control Requirements 21
4.5 Guidelines on Conservation and Development Control 21
4.6 Structural Safety and Lightning Protection 22
• Structural Safety 22
• Lightning Protection 22
4.7 Connection to the Power Grid 22
4.8 Get Connected to the Power Grid 23
4.9 Sale of Solar PV Electricity 23
• Non-residential User 23
• Residential User 25
4.10 Design and Installation Checklist 26
5 Operations and Maintenance 28
5.1 Operations of Solar PV Systems 28
5.2 Recommended Preventive Maintenance Works 29